Saussure: Language as Social Fact

Toward the end of the century XII- Seem apparently everything looks good for the time, and some still remain convincing for the present. The similarities of language with biological has been widely rejected. This is make difficulty to understanding language as an academic discipline. If the language is not the species of life. In the sense of whether the language is “stuff” that can be investigated? A layman pleased that French language is something that can be learned, which has a specific device and in some cases the same or similar to the English language but differ in other respects. But when the French language in an item and the item is something strange. It is clear that it is not a concrete object such as a table or as a stretch of land called French. You can not see or hear the French language. You can hear is Gaston waiter said: “pas si bête..” You can see a line on a sheet of newspaper “Le Monde” but how can we interpret a being called the French language which is behind the thousands of concrete phenomena than can be observed as in the two earlier example? What kind of form that language? Biological paradigm shows the relationship between speech and French language as the relationship between certain carrots and carrot species; And up to the rejection of the biological paradigm opinion, this opinion has been regarded as satisfactory even though people can only see or eat carrots. People evaluated that it is pretty important to talk about carrots species and discuss, said, genetic relationship and species tubers. But at the first time biology had thrown to the side of the road; Second, the people have argued that the paradigm can not provide a complete answer to the on going discussion in biology. Because the species is an abstraction, at least individual species is a concrete thing. So many things can be easily perceived from the carrots. But the linguistic analogy in biological individual is idiolect; And almost all, not all, same as abstraction from the concept of language. We can not hear Gaston idiolect as a form; We can only hear the examples of idiolect. The comments that he says when he saw a tip that we left off, and it doesn’t has the example of parallels idiolect in biology. So, even though it’s not consider as a particular problem by linguists in the XIX century, question of “How does the meaning of the language or dialect of the underlying reality that can be perceived from certain utterances” is remain exist at that time. People who can answer the question that can satisfy linguists during his period of time and nowadays is Swiss academician: Ferdinand deSaussure. Mongin Ferdinand deSaussure is his full name, born in Geneva in 1857, children of Huguenot family who moved from Lorraine during wars of religion at the end of XVI century in French. Even though people nowadays consider Saussure as the first man who gave the definition about synchronic linguistic – study about language as system in certain time, which divide as historical linguistic (which Saussure distinguished by the name diachronic linguistics) for linguists during his period was the only approach available to be learned that time – in his lifetime wasn’t meant to be famous. Saussure was educated as ancient linguist and in his young age was succeeded to publish a book title Memoire sur lesysteme primitive des voyelles dans les langues indo-europeennes (1878). The book published a few weeks after his twenty-firth birthday, when he was a student in German. It was one of proto indo-European language. Saussure give a speech about Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes in Paris from 1881 until 1891, before he went back to teach in Geneva, the entire publishing and almost his work more associated with historical linguistic rather than synchronic linguistic, with a deep analysis concerning in various Indo-European language and not with the basic theory. Whereas, although Saussure produce his work on the theory of general linguistic at about 1890 (Koerner, 1973: 29). He seems reluctant to give it to someone else, and the story of how the ideas be in publishing is a strange thing. At the end of 1906, he was asked to take over responsibility in giving lectures on general linguistics and comparative history and languages of the Indo-European scholar who was quit his service for 30 years; Saussure taught the material in the rest of his study in 1908-1909 and 1910-1911. In the first years, Saussure limit his study only about historical; but when he give it in the second years, he also included a brief introduction about synchronic linguistics and in the third years, all semesters are used to provide synchronous linguistic theory. Shortly after that, he died without a chance to publish any material from that theory. Some people have been asked to publish but he always replied that preparing the materials is very time-consuming, but two of his friends, Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye decided on a new fabric of the student notes with their lecture, Saussure. The book they produce is entitled Cours de linguistique Generale (Saussure 1916) can be used by scholars in the world to understand the thinking of Saussure and because of this the document, Saussure known as father of linguistic.

The Analysis of Pronouns in the First Lady’s Music Plans Spark Concerns Articles

Article : Carla Bruni’s marriage to President Nicolas Sarkozy of France in 2008 has made her a steady fixture in tabloid newspapers across Europe. But capitalizing on such exposure remains a challenge for the chart-topping singer-songwriter. Bruni’s media profile has been particularly prominent in recent months, thanks to widely circulated holiday photos in August, her appearance on the cover of the Sept. 11 UK edition of the Economist for a story about her husband’s slump in popularity and two new biographies, which has received heavy press coverage. Reports recently surfaced in the French media that Sarkozy’s aides had requested she delay her planned musical comeback due to fears that it could be politically damaging amid the current wave of French protests and strikes over economic reforms. Small wonder that, as Bruni continues writing songs for her fourth album, due in 2011, her team is contemplating how to balance her musical career with her status as first lady of France. That status caused problems when Bruni’s third album, Comme Si De Rien N’etait, was released in July 2008, five months after she married Sarkozy. “We had to cancel her international tour for security reasons but also because [French] people might not have accepted that their first lady would be onstage,” says Bertrand De Labbey, CEO of talent agency VMA, who manages Bruni’s music career. While the French president’s wife has a less prominent role than the United States’ first lady, Bruni remains subject to intense scrutiny by the French media. She has tried to avoid any suggestion that she’s profiting from her position, donating her recording royalties on Comme Si De Rien N’etait, which hit No. 1 in France, to charity. Comme has sold 193,000 copies in France and a further 288,000 internationally, according to label Naive. De Labbey insists he’s happy with the album’s sales, claiming, “Everybody would have considered [that] amazing if she hadn’t been France’s first lady.” But Bruni’s unavailability for touring and promotion seemed to hamper the album’s international sales performance. Despite her fame in the United Kingdom, Comme reached only as high as No. 58 on the UK albums chart, with total sales of 13,300, according to the Official Charts Co. Bruni’s last UK promotional campaign consisted of a single interview, with the Sunday Times newspaper, and a solitary TV appearance on BBC 2’s Later ... With Jools Holland. UK label Dramatico incurred US$18,800 in charges imposed by the French state for six security operatives to mingle with the studio audience, according to sources familiar with the situation. Still, Dramatico chairman Mike Batt says he and Bruni share a “relaxed” approach to releasing her music. “Her life at the moment is to be Mrs. Sarkozy,” he says, “and we quite understand that.” Refocusing public perception of Bruni as a recording artist will be crucial for the promotion of her next album, says Alan Edwards, CEO of London-based PR company the Outside Organization, which represents everyone from Naomi Campbell to Amy Winehouse. (Bruni is repped by London-based Republic Media.) “The biggest challenge will be to separate Carla as artist and Carla as first lady,” Edwards says. “The context of all interviews should be music-related, with as low a presence of the first-lady trappings as possible.” Ultimately, the key to putting Bruni’s music career back on track may lie with her husband. If Sarkozy loses the May 2012 election, a more engaged approach to Bruni’s musical life seems assured. But, even if he remains in office for another five-year term, De Labbey is optimistic that Bruni’s musical career will soon be more of a priority. “Now time has passed,” he says. “She’s fulfilled her role as first lady. Things might change.” Source : http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/10/04/carla-brunisarkozy-first-lady%E2%80%99s-music-plans-spark-concerns.html The Kinds and Functions of Pronouns Found in that Article is : There are only five kinds of pronouns found in this article; they are personal pronoun, relative pronoun, demonstrative pronoun, indefinite pronoun, and possessive pronoun. 1. Personal Pronoun There are only three personal pronouns found in this article; they are she, he,and it. a. She has tried to avoid any suggestion that she’s profiting from her position, donating her recording royalties on Comme Si De Rien N’etait, which hit No.1 in France to charity. The function of Personal Pronoun she in the sentence above is used to express the subject of the first lady in France as a wife the president of France as the third person singular indicates the person spoken or written and a female belongs to the feminine gender, b. “Her life at the moment is to be Mrs. Sarkozy,” he says, “and we quite understand that.” The function of Personal Pronoun we in the sentence above is used to express the first person plural pronoun refers to own self consisting of one person. 2. Relative Pronoun There are only three relative pronouns found in this article; they are that, who, and which. a. 11 UK edition of the Economist for a story about her husband’s slump in popularity and two new biographies, which has received heavy press coverage. The function of Relative Pronoun which in the sentence above is used to express a thing to show a choice. b. De labbey insists he’s happy with the album’s sales, claiming, ”Everybody would have considered that amazing if she hadn’t been France’s first lady.” The function of Relative Pronoun that in the sentence above is used to express a person or a thing, but in this sentence that is used to express the person. 3. Demonstrative Pronoun There is only one relative pronoun found in this article; it is that. a. That status caused problems when Bruin’s third album, Come Si De Rien N’etait , was released in July 2008, five months after she married Sarkozy. The function of Demonstrative Pronoun that in the sentence above is used to point out the singular noun. In this sentence that is used to point out the status from Bruni’s third album. 4. Indefinite Pronoun There are only two indefinite pronouns found in this article; they are everyone and everybody. a. Refocusing public perception of Bruni as a recording artist will be crucial for the promotion of her next albums, says Alan Edwards, CEO of London-based PR company the out-side organization, which represents everyone from Naomi Campbell to Amy Winehouse. The function of Indefinite Pronoun everyone in the sentence above is used to to include all the people. In this sentence everyone explains about the people included in Bruni’s recording. 5. Possessive Pronoun There are only three possessive pronouns found in this article; they are her, its, and their. 1. We had to cancel her International tour for security reasons but also because [French] people might not have accept that their first lady would be on stage, says Bertrand De labbey, CEO of talent agency VMA, who manages Bruni’s music career. The function of Possessive Pronoun her in the sentence above is used to express the possession from the Bruni’s International tour, whereas the possession pronoun their is used to express the possession from the society’s first lady stayed in France.

Adjective Clause

A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb. Some clauses are dependent: they can't stand alone and need an independent clause, or sentence, to support them. These dependent clauses can be used in three ways: as adjectives, as adverbs and as nouns. This article focuses on adjective clauses. What is an adjective clause? An adjective clause is a dependent clause that acts as an adjective. That is, it modifies the noun or pronoun that comes before it: Dr. Bondar, who went into space in 1992, was our first female astronaut. (clause modifies noun Dr. Bondar) Anyone who is afraid of doing too much will end up doing too little. (clause modifies pronoun anyone) What words are signs of an adjective clause? Most adjective clauses start with the relative pronouns which, who and that: Which is used for animals or things: The spaniel barked at the squirrel, which ran up a tree for safety. The squirrel dropped a large acorn, which landed on the spaniel's head. Who is used for people (and occasionally for animals seen as persons): Everyone who went on the cruise had a great time. My cat Lulu, who loves catnip, will enjoy this catnip mouse. Who can change its form to whom (when it's an object) or whose (to show ownership): Sarah Jacobs, whom we met at the art show, is a well-known sculptor. The man whose bike was stolen needs a ride home. Note that we can avoid the awkward phrase of which by applying whose to animals or things: The ferret whose leash broke is running in the park. (not the leash of which broke) Luke towed away the car whose battery had died. (not the battery of which had died) That can apply to people, animals or things: The mayor congratulated the firefighter that won the award. The dog that ate my socks has indigestion. We enjoy the carnival that comes to town every summer. Note that we sometimes omit that when it is the object of a verb or preposition: The girl Jason took to the party is a close friend of Kristen's. (= that Jason took to the party; that is object of verb took) I can't find the envelope I put the cheque in. (= that I put the cheque in; that is object of preposition in) Are there any other words that can begin an adjective clause? Yes, the relative adverbs when, where and why can start an adjective clause: Noon is the hour when the sun is overhead. (clause modifies noun hour) The shop where we bought the camera was near the bridge. (clause modifies noun shop) I don't know the reason why Michel was late. (clause modifies noun reason) When does an adjective clause need commas? The use of commas depends on whether the clause is essential to the meaning of the sentence. Essential clauses don't take commas: The woman who hosted the party is my cousin. Here, the clause who hosted the party is essential because it identifies the woman. Without that clause, we would not know which woman the writer meant. Because the clause is essential to the meaning of the sentence and cannot be omitted, we don't set it apart with commas. Non-essential clauses take commas: Alana Bishop, who hosted the party, is my cousin. The sentence Alana Bishop is my cousin would be clear by itself. The clause who hosted the party is just extra information that may be interesting but is not essential. Since the clause is merely giving secondary information that could be omitted, we set it off with commas. Note that with essential clauses referring to animals or things, we normally use that, although which is also acceptable: The books that (or which) I borrowed from the library are overdue. However, with non-essential clauses, we must use which for animals or things and who for people: Andy's parrot, which is a cockatiel, is called Kiki. Please send a schedule to Mrs. Bashan, who has joined our aerobics class. Source : http://www.noslangues-ourlanguages.gc.ca/bien-well/fra-eng/grammaire-grammar/adjclause-eng.html

Smoking: Habit or Addiction?

In the Student Health Survey 2006, it was reported that 71% of youth aged 13 - 16 years who smoked at least once in the past 30 days agreed with the statement 'I can quit smoking anytime I want to'. Studies have shown otherwise. In this article, we shed more light on this common misconception regarding smoking.

In the Student Health Survey 2006, 71% of current smokers aged between 13 and 16 years agreed with the statement 'I can quit smoking anytime I want to'. Studies, have shown this to be far from true. Contrary to popular belief, smoking is often not just a habit but an addiction. It is easy to become dependent on tobacco products and be controlled by cravings for them, more so if you are a young person. However, with persistence and professional help, a smoker can overcome this addiction. What causes the addiction? All tobacco products contain nicotine, a substance which is as addictive as heroin and cocaine. When a smoker takes in a puff, the nicotine hits the brain in 10 seconds and brings about a sudden release of glucose, and increases blood pressure, respiration and heart rate. These effects are caused by the drug's stimulation of the adrenal glands which releases adrenaline into the bloodstream. Over time, this leaves the smoker's body and mind craving for more nicotine, and if the levels of nicotine are not maintained, a smoker will experience withdrawal symptoms such as irritability, frustration and anxiety. As a result, a smoker finds it very difficult to simply stop using the tobacco product. The younger one is when he starts smoking, the harder it is to quit later. There has also been recent scientific evidence that shows that just one cigarette is enough to get a person addicted to nicotine. Nicotine is not only found in tobacco products that are smoked like cigarettes, cigars and shisha; smokeless tobacco products such as snus, snuff, and betel quid also contain nicotine. Are you addicted to nicotine? Even a small amount of tobacco can quickly lead to nicotine dependence. Some of the symptoms include: You tried to stop smoking but you cannot. You have made serious, but unsuccessful attempts to kick the habit. You experience withdrawal symptoms when you go "cold turkey". You experience strong cravings for tobacco products, anxiety, irritability, restlessness, difficulty in concentrating, depressed mood, frustration, anger, increased hunger, insomnia, constipation or diarrhea when you attempt to stop smoking. You cannot stop smoking despite having health problems. You give up social or recreational activities in order to smoke. You may stop or avoid social situations where you cannot smoke. Seeking help A person who is trying to quit should recognise that quitting smoking can be as difficult as giving up other types of drug addiction. Rarely does one hear of smokers who successfully stopped smoking on their own. On the other hand, a good treatment plan that addresses physical and psychological aspects of the addiction can go a long way in helping a smoker kick the butt for good. Source : http://www.hpb.gov.sg/HOPPortal/health-article/420

Tugas 1 (Kelompok 1) Active Passive Voice

Softskill vicky from Vicky Julia Zahra

Invitation Letter

January 01, 2010

Dear Family and Friends,

We would like to share with you the engagement of our son, Paulo John, to his long-time girlfriend, Pamela Grace Sy. After sharing love-filled dates and meetings within the past few years, Paulo already asked Mela’s hand for marriage. Our son finally wanted to settle down into a family life, and he would like to share that life with Mela. As it turns out, Mela is thinking of the same thing.

They were engaged last November 30, 2009 and they would want to announce it publicly to everyone. In that note, we would love to see you in their engagement party.
 

February 14, 2010 at 4:00 o’clock PM at our home, 823 Youngstown Court, Hemet, CA 92222.

Sincerely yours,

Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Li

Application Letter

John Donaldson 
8 Sue Circle 
Smithtown, CA 08067 
909-555-5555 
john.donaldson@emailexample.com

July 8, 2013

George Gilhooley
XYZ Company
87 Delaware Road
Hatfield, CA 08065

Dear Mr. Gilhooley,

I am writing to apply for the programmer position advertised in the Times Union. As requested, I am enclosing a completed job application, my certification, my resume and three references.

The opportunity presented in this listing is very interesting, and I believe that my strong technical experience and education will make me a very competitive candidate for this position. The key strengths that I possess for success in this position include:

·         I have successfully designed, developed, and supported live use applications

·         I strive for continued excellence

·         I provide exceptional contributions to customer service for all customers

With a BS degree in Computer Programming, I have a full understanding of the full life cycle of a software development project. I also have experience in learning and excelling at new technologies as needed.

Please see my resume for additional information on my experience.

I can be reached anytime via email at john.donaldson@emailexample.com or my cell phone, 909-555-5555.

Thank you for your time and consideration. I look forward to speaking with you about this employment opportunity.

Sincerely,

John Donaldson